Optical Mark
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What Are OFNP, OFNR, OFNG And OFCG? Understanding Fiber Optic Cable Fire Ratings
Just like copper cables, NEC (National Electrical Code) requires indoor fiber optic cables be marked with their fire and smoking ratings. NEC requires all indoor fiber cables be marked correctly and installed properly for its intended use.
According to NEC, a building's inside area is divided into three types of sections: plenums, risers and general purpose areas.
:: What is a Plenum area?
A Plenum area is a building space used for air flow or air distribution system. In most buildings, the area above a drop ceiling or under a raised floor is used as the air return (source of air) for the air conditioning. Those drop ceiling and raised floors are also where fiber cables are often installed. If those cables were burning, they would give off toxic fumes and the fumes would be fed to the rest of the building by the air conditioner. As a result, people could be injured even though they are a long way from the fire.
:: What is a Riser area?
A Riser area is a floor opening, shaft or duct that runs vertically through one or more floors
:: What is General Purpose area?
All other area that is not plenum or riser and on the same floor is a general purpose area.
:: Fiber Optic Cable Fire and Smoking Rating Markings
OFNP Cables:
OFNP stands for Optical Fiber Nonconductive Plenum. OFNP cables have fire-resistance and low smoke production characteristics. They can be installed in ducts, plenums and other spaces used for building airflow. This is the highest fire rating fiber cable and no other cable types can be used as substitutes.
OFCP Cables:
OFCP stands for Optical Fiber Conductive Plenum. OFCP cables have the same fire and smoking rating as OFNP cables but they have a conducting armor or central strength member which is usually steel. OFCP cables must be properly grounded at both ends. As a result, OFCP cables can not be installed in the same cable tray or conduit as power cables.
OFNR Cables:
OFNR stands for Optical Fiber Nonconductive Riser. OFNR cables are used in Riser areas which are building vertical shafts or runs from one floor to another floor. OFNR cables can not be installed in plenum areas since they do not have the required fire and smoking rating as Plenum rated cables. OFNP plenum cables can be used as substitutes for OFNR cables.
OFCR Cables:
OFCR stands for Optical Fiber Conductive Riser. OFCR cables have the same fire rating characteristics as OFNR cables but they have conducting armor or central strength member which is usually steel. OFCR cables should also be properly grounded at both ends. OFCP cables can be used as substitutes for OFCR cables. OFCR cables can not be installed in the same cable trays or conduits as power cables.
OFNG Cables:
OFNG stands for Optical Fiber Nonconductive General-Purpose. They are typically used in horizontal cabling, single floor applications. OFNG cables can not be used in plenums or risers. OFNP and OFNR cables both can be used as substitutes for OFNG cables.
OFCG Cables:
OFCG stands for Optical Fiber Conductive General-Purpose. They have the same fire characteristics as OFNG cables but they have conducting armor or central strength members which is typically steel. OFCG cables should be properly grounded at both ends. They should not be installed in the same cable tray or conduits as power cables.
About the Author
Colin Yao is an expert on fiber optic technologies and products. To learn even more about
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Optical Mark Recognition $68.51 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles Optical Mark Recognition (also called Optical Mark Reading and OMR) is the process of capturing humanmarked data from document forms such as surveys and tests. Many traditional OMR(Optical Mark Recognition) devices work with a dedicated scanner device that shines a beam of light onto the form paper. The contrasting reflectivity at predetermined positions on a page is then utilized to detect the marked areas because they reflect less light than the blank areas of the paper. Some OMR devices use forms which are preprinted onto transoptic paper and measure the amount of light which passes through the paper, thus a mark on either side of the paper will reduce the amount of light passing through the paper. Author: Surhone, Lambert M./ Tennoe, Mariam T./ Henssonow, Susan F. Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 76 Publication Date: 2010/08/21 Language: English Dimensions: 6.00 x 9.02 x 0.18 inches |
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Optical Data Storage $149 Provides an overview of the recording principles, materials aspects, and application areas of phase-change optical storage. Elements of data recording, including mark formation, eraseability, direct overwrite strategies, data quality and data stability, and more are explained and discussed. |
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Optical $6 Optical - Chris Joss |
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Integrated CMOS Circuits for Optical Communications $237.38 This book presents several circuits that are required for the full integration of an optical transmitter in standard CMOS. The main emphasis is placed on highspeed receivers with a bitrate of up to 1 Gb/s. The possibility of including the photodiode in a receiver is investigated and the problems encountered are discussed. Author: Ingels, M./ Steyaert, M./ Ingels, Mark Series Title: Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics Series Number: 14 Binding Type: Hardcover Number of Pages: 187 Publication Date: 2004/01/12 Language: English Dimensions: 9.21 x 6.14 x 0.50 inches |
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Optical Data Storage: PhaseChange Media and Recording $255.07 This is an overview of recording principles, materials aspects, and applications of rewritable optical storage. Elements of data recording, including mark formation, eraseability, direct overwrite strategies, data quality and data stability are explained and extensively discussed. Throughout the book, a mark formation model is described and used to backup measurement results and support the discussed applications. Highspeed and duallayer recording are analyzed in depth, with proposals to achieve higher performance. Author: Meinders, Erwin/ Van Pieterson, Liesbeth/ Wuttig, Matthias Series Title: Philips Research Book Series Number: 4 Binding Type: Hardcover Number of Pages: 172 Publication Date: 2007/01/01 Language: English Dimensions: 9.62 x 6.49 x 0.51 inches |
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Mark $34.99 James Tissot Mark - Giclee Print |
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Morley Mark Tremonti Wah Pedal $128.99 The driving guitar force behind Creed helped design the Morley Mark Tremonti Wah -- the most advanced, hottest wah around. No switch, just step on it to engage the wah and step off to disengage. Boost knob adds 20dB of wah boost and the tone is a perfect hybrid of classic and contemporary wah voices. Electro-optical design means there are no pots to wear out. Clear-Tone buffer circuit, diamond plate footpad, and LED indicator. Works great with bass guitar. Includes 2-year warranty.No switchBoost knob adds 20dB of wah boostElectro-optical designClear-Tone buffer circuitDiamond plate footpadLED indicator2-year warranty |
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Fotge Professional Pro Optical Glass LCD Screen Protector for Canon 40D/50D/5D MARK II $4.21 ? - This protector break out of the ordinary idea of protective products, initially bring the froeign ultra-thin professional optical glass meterials and special treating prpcess into? - All these makes this product be of super-transparence, abrasion-resistance and scatch-resistance, high quality, anti-collision,anti-aging,easy-installing,and so on? - The 6 layers protector film mekes a perfect protection? - The usage of importing 0.5mm ultra-thin optical glass material which is of high-transparence(more than 90% light transmitting rate)makes a clear imaging? - The specail treating process mekes the surficial hardness of the protector be or near be 8H? - The tolerance of 8kg/©O¡¯s elastic pressure avoid the LCD screen from the damage and abrupt impinging? - The importing 3M double side glue is of good tightness. Easy to install. The normal high or low temperature will make no impact on it. No bubble, no falling off under a normal usage - The protector can disassemble , and reuse in the premise of no damage of the double side glue ? ? ? |
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Photonic Slot Routing in Optical Transport Networks $237.38 Alloptical networking is generally believed to be the only solution for coping with the everincreasing demands in bandwidth, such as the World Wide Web application. Optical backbone networks efficiently achieve a high level of traffic aggregation by multiplexing numerous users on circuitswitched wavelength paths the socalled wavelength routing approach. In contrast, the reduced level of traffic aggregation in access and metro networks makes wavelength routing solutions not adequate. In these network areas, packetinterleaved optical timedivision multiplexing with its finer and more dynamic bandwidth allocation is advocated. The book presents such an approach, known as photonic slot routing. It illustrates how this approach may provide a costeffective solution to deploying alloptical transport networks, using todays optical device technology. To that end, the author combines DWDMtechnology with fixed slot optical switching, and gives a comprehensive description of this approach in which slots are aligned across the wavelengths to form groups of dataflows that propagate as a whole inside the network. Operating algorithms are developed, and network performance is analyzed, both by means of theoretical analysis and many simulations of sample networks. This work will be of particular interest to researchers and professionals who are active in photonic networking. Author: Wedzinga, Gosse/ Schwartz, Mark W. Series Title: Broadband Networks and Services Series Number: 4 Binding Type: Hardcover Number of Pages: 222 Publication Date: 2002/12/31 Language: English Dimensions: 9.70 x 6.28 x 0.76 inches |
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Leupold Mark 4 CQ/T Throw Lever Scope Mount - 57506 $200 Get a precise and repeatable zero every time with this quick-detaching scope mount for the Leupold Mark 4 CQ/T optical sight. With rugged, all-metal construction and a black, anti-glare matte finish, its ready to handle any mission. Fits all MIL-STD-1913/Picatinny-style rails. |